How Old is a Star

Astronomers have a few tools to study stars that let them figure out relative ages, such as looking at their temperatures and brightness. In general, reddish and orange stars are older and cooler, while blueish white stars are hotter and younger. Stars like the Sun can be considered middle-aged since their ages lie somewhere between their cool red elders and their hot younger siblings.  The general rule is that hotter and much more massive stars, such as the blueish stars show in this image, are likely to live shorter lives. But, what clues exist to tell astronomers how long those lives will be? This region of space contains very hot, young stars. How long they live and how they die tells a lot about the life cycles of stars across the cosmos. The very massive star R136a1 lies in this star-forming region in the Large Magellanic Cloud (a neighbor galaxy to the Milky Way). NASA/ESA/STScI Theres an extremely useful tool that astronomers can use to figure out ages of stars that ties directly into how old the star is. It uses the spin rate of a star (that is, how fast it spins on its axis). As it turns out, stellar spin rates slow down as stars age. That fact intrigued a research team at Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, led by astronomer Soren Meibom. They decided to construct a clock that can measure the stellar spins and thus determine the stars age. Why Is Knowing a Stars Age Important? Being able to tell the ages of stars is the basis for understanding how astronomical phenomena involving stars and their companions unfold over time. Knowing a stars age is important for many reasons having to do with star formation rates in galaxies  as well as the formation of planets.   Artists concept of a protoplanetary disk around a newly formed star. NASA Its also particularly relevant to the search for signs of alien life outside our solar system. It has taken a long time for life on Earth to attain the complexity we find today. With an accurate stellar clock, astronomers can identify stars with planets that are as old as our Sun or older. The Spin of a Star Tells the Tale A stars spin rate depends on its age because it slows down steadily with time, like a top spinning on a table slows down after a few minutes. A stars spin also depends on its mass. Astronomers have found that larger, heavier stars tend to spin faster than smaller, lighter ones. There is a close mathematical relationship between mass, spin, and age. Measure the first two, and its relatively easy to calculate the third. An artist impression of a white dwarf star in orbit with pulsar PSR J2222-0137. It may be the coolest and dimmest white dwarf ever identified. The spin rate of this star gives astronomers clues to its aging process. B. Saxton (NRAO/AUI/NSF) This method was first proposed in 2003, by astronomer Sydney Barnes of the Leibniz Institute for Physics in Germany. Its called gyrochronology from the Greek words gyros (rotation), chronos (time/age), and logos (study). For gyrochronology ages to be accurate and precise, astronomers must calibrate their new stellar clocks by measuring the spin periods of stars with both known ages and masses. Meibom and his colleagues previously studied a cluster of billion-year-old stars. This new study examines stars in the 2.5-billion-year-old cluster known as NGC 6819, thereby significantly extending the age range. To measure a stars spin is not an easy task. No one can tell just by looking at a star how fast its turning. So, astronomers look for changes in its brightness caused by dark spots on its surface—the stellar equivalent of sunspots. Those are part of the Suns normal activit and can be tracked just as starspots can. Unlike our Sun, however, a distant star is an unresolved point of light. So, astronomers cant directly see a sunspot cross the stellar disk. Instead, they watch for the star to dim slightly when a sunspot appears, and brighten again when the sunspot rotates out of view. These changes are very difficult to measure because a typical star dims by much less than 1 percent. And, time is an issue. For the Sun, it can take days for a sunspot to cross the stars face. The same is true of stars with starspots. Some scientists have gotten around that by using data from NASAs planet-hunting  Kepler spacecraft, which provided precise and continuous measurements of stellar brightnesses. One team examined more stars weighing 80 to 140 percent as much as the Sun. They were able to measure the spins of 30 stars with periods ranging from 4 to 23 days, compared to the present 26-day spin period of the Sun. The eight stars in NGC 6819 most similar to the Sun have an average spin period of 18.2 days, strongly implying that the Suns period was about that value when it was 2.5 billion years old (about 2 billion years ago). The team then evaluated several existing computer models that calculate the spin rates of stars, based on their masses and ages, and determined which model best matched their observations. Fast Facts Spin rate helps astronomers determine information about the age and evolution of a star.Researchers continually study spin rates to understand how different types of stars change through time.Our Sun, like other stars, spins on its axis.

Key Events of The Cold War - 841 Words

1. US and USSR interests: The Cold War extended to all corners of the world with a proxy war on almost every continent. The South East Asian country Vietnam became a Cold War battleground for the Second Indochina war which involved both the US and Russia’s interests. It was, once again, the Capitalist struggle against Communism. The Vietnam War was a direct result of the USSR’s and China’s communist presence and pressure. It was part of the â€Å"Domino Effect†. The â€Å"Domino Effect† was a theory by US politicians that because of Russia and China’s pressure and power, all of Asia would follow suit in becoming communist one by one. Kennedy believed that if they could stop this from occurring in Vietnam, they would be able to stop all of Asia from turning to communism for they would have broken the chain(Staff). The USSR on the other hand was interested in this conflict for the communist government in the North was doing exactly what the Sov iet Union and its leaders wanted: to spread communism throughout and to show the world how bad capitalism and democracy was. 2. Key Events and Terms: Following the Geneva Accords in 1954 Vietnam split into two different countries, the North and South, with two different rulers, Ho Chi Minh and Ngo Dinh Diem. Ho Chi Minh consolidated his power up North after the Vietminh, the revolutionary group defeated the French in the first Indochina War. Diem was the South nationalist leader and had been elected by the French with much US support for he wasShow MoreRelatedEssay about Ss310 Unit 2 Assignment - Cold War1015 Words   |  5 PagesUnit 2 Assignment – Cold War Tezra Lee Kaplan University The Cold War represents the disputes between the Soviet Union and the United States, and may be the most noteworthy political issue of the late 20th Century. 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Movie the Matrix and George Orwells 1984 Essay - 1788 Words

Movie the Matrix and George Orwells 1984 Neo was now surrounded by people just like him who were searching for answers as to what the Matrix is. As they were sitting around the table, Mouse turns to Neo and says, To deny our impulses is to deny the very thing that makes us human. During the Agent Simulation Training with Morpheus, Neo follows his impulses and turns around to look at the woman in the red dress, Mouses proud creation. Neo was only following his human instincts. Of course, Mouses statement would only be true for all humans if we were actually allowed to have impulses. Winston Smith, in George Orwells 1984, would certainly disagree with this notion of humans having impulses, and every one in Airstrip One, Oceania†¦show more content†¦Each of these governments dictate how people lived their lives and made changes as they saw fit. The leaders of the Matrix are its creators, the machines, the Agents. The leaders of Oceania are the members of the Inner Party and the Thought Police. These leaders have pulle d the same type of world over these peoples eyes to blind them, to make them believe their truths. These people are their slaves, and the government has created a prison for these peoples minds. The past was dead for both worlds, the future, however, is unimaginable. Nothing is their own except for the few cubic centimeters inside their skulls. Both stories starts when the characters asks the forbidden question, Has life always been like this, and is that all there is to it? Winston seems alone in his quest for answers. He didnt have a figure like Morpheus waiting for him to provide him with answers. He had to wait until he was sure that OBriens political beliefs were not as perfect as he made them out to be. Winston wants to be sure that he could talk to OBrien about the continuous Big Brother monologues that have been going on in his head for years. Neo, on the other hand, was given a choice in either staying in Wonderland, or seeing how deep the rabbit hole goes. In finding truth, however, both characters are aware of the consequences that face them in finding the answers they have been searching for. The wrath of the authorities was inevitable. InShow MoreRelatedUtopi A Colony Of Human Virtue And Happiness3490 Words   |  14 Pagesregulation, which is absent in this novel, the likelihood of a â€Å"cuckoo in the nest † significantly increases; consequently, raising the probability of rebellion. An example of the techniques needed to prevent a coup can be found in the novel 1984, by George Orwell. Orwell’s creation of Oceania is by no means a place of ideal perfection. The population which consists of the Proles, Inner, and Outer Party, all rally behind the totalitarian figurehead, Big Brother, out of fear and conditioning. The Inner PartyRead MoreOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 Pagesthe Post Industrial Society, P. Sadler, 1988, Ashgate; Figure 5.2 J Gross/Getty Images/Sport; Figure 5.3 after Manpower strategies for flexible organizations, Personnel Management August, Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development (Atkinson, J. 1984); Figure 5.4 from Kalleberg, A., Flexible firms and labour market segmentation: effects of workplace restructuring on jobs and workers, Work and Occupations (Vol. 30 Issue 2) pp. 154–175, copyright 2003 by Sage Publications, reprinted by permission

Financial Management in Public Nonprofit Agencies MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about the Financial Management in Public and Nonprofit Agencies. Answer: Introduction: It can be said that at the time when net present value (NPV) of a particular project is positive, then the project can essentially be accepted (Brigham and Ehrhardt 2013). Again, if the NPV of a project is negative, then that project can be rejected. If the project one is taken into consideration, the net present value as present below in the table is negative. Therefore, according to the acceptance criteria, this current project can be taken into consideration. Again, the evaluation as reflected in the second table, it can be hereby mentioned that conveyer belt has negative NPV. Thus, from the viewpoint of NPV mechanism, both the projects needs to be rejected. Nevertheless, there are several other factors that can be taken into account while taking into account decisions of investment. Analysis reveals that NPV of essentially the first project mentioned in the device part is observed to be positive and the specific amount is at $989935. Thus, according to the criteria for acceptance, the first project needs to be rejected. Again, as per the table, it can be hereby mentioned that NPV of the second project that is about the conveyer system is essentially negative. Findings of the study reveals that the NPV for the second project is at $(120728). Thus, the project on the conveyer system needs to be rejected (Bodie 2013). Thus, the first project can be accepted and the other one that is the second one can be rejected. The above table shows the calculation of the NPV for three different systems that is System A, System B and System C. System A yield positive NPV of $27,810, system B has negative of ($8055) and System C has negative NPV of ($120728). Essentially, present value of the cash inflow in the future period minus the investment cost otherwise the cost of carrying out the project replicates the net present value (NPV) of the project. In case if this difference is calculated to be positive, then the project is said to be feasible. Therefore, in this case, System can be said to be feasible, whereas System B and C having negative NPV can be said to be non-feasible. System B however has better feasibility than the system C. Therefore, in this case System A can be considered for investment. Analysis of average risk that is involved in capital budgeting In this section, the learner has carefully chosen the company JB Hi Fi, an ASX listed corporation that is undertaking a novel project of establishing 6 new stores during the year 2015. In a bid to assess the overall risk of capital budgeting, entire duration of the specific project is considered to be 15 years (Jbhifi.com.au 2017). By employing capital budgeting technique, we are here to evaluate the feasibility of the project. In this case, we intend to utilize the net present value technique for deciding whether to undertake a certain project and analysis of risks that is associated to the project. In essence, present value of the cash inflow in the future period minus the investment cost or else the cost of carrying out the project reflects the net present value of the project. In case, if the variance is positive, then the project is said to be feasible (Bodie 2013). However, there are also certain other facets that need to be take into account that affects specifically the NPV o f the project. However, this project necessarily involves risk owing to different variables that can be associated to the net present value. Again, the capital cost is the factor that we can take into account for particularly discounting the cash inflows in the future period (Bartlett et al. 2014). Essentially, the capital cost needs to be more, in itself, rate for discounting when a particular project is considered to be risky (McKinney 2015). In addition to this, the cash flow of the corporation during the future essentially depends on financial leverage of the business concern. In case if the business concern has greater debt requirements, then the financial leverage is expected to be considerably high and the cash flow during the future is expected to be more risky (Jbhifi.com.au 2017). However, these can be regarded as the variables that can exert influence on NPV and can thereby depict the overall riskiness of specific projects. The primary objective of management of working capital is to make certain that a business concern is able to carry on its functions and has adequate capability to satiate both maturing debt that are short-term in nature as well as future operational expenditures. From the reports of the company, the working capital of the corporation JB Hi Fi for two different financial year has been amassed. The figures for the working capital are hereby presented below: It can be hereby observed that the working capital of the corporation is negative. This Negative working capital occurs at the time when a particular firms current liabilities is over and above the possessed current assets. This also indicates towards the fact that the business concern has failed to meet its different obligations during the short term period by employing the current assets. There might be different situations that leads to the negative working capital of the capital. However, in order to state whether this negative working capital is a favourable situation or an unfavourable situation depends on the reason behind the negative result. Essentially, the figure for working capital has declined by 117.4. In addition to this, the inventory turnover ratio is also around 6.1 times during the financial year 2015 as compared to 6.2 times during the year 2014 (Jbhifi.com.au 2017). However, analysis the findings reveal that the company has failed to efficiently convert its inven tories into sales in order to fulfil different short term requirements even though the company has become a nit more effectual during the financial year 2015. However, this negative working capital also implies that the firm utilizes the liabilities of the short term. As rightly indicated by Brigham and Ehrhardt (2013) financing refers to the means of acquiring diverse resources in order to purchase any specific item, then repaying the loan in a definite period of time say weekly, monthly or else annually. In essence, short term financing refers to the process of arranging of funds in a bid to meet up the requirements of a specific corporation for about a year or else for a lesser time. The firm might need short term financing in case flows of cash from different operations are not adequate to maintain the growth associated financing requirements. Again, the firm might possibly prefer to borrow funds in the current period for the inventory or any other asset of the short term period. As rightly indicated by Brigham and Ehrhardt (2013) credit risk indicates towards a risk that a specific borrower might not pay back loans and that the lender might fail to get back the loan or else the interest related to the same. This credit risk mainly stems as borrowers anticipate to utilize flows of cash to make payments for the current debts. However, it is impossible to make it certain that borrowers can definitely pay back the borrowed funds. Utilization of liquid financial assets can help in lowering the overall credit risk of the corporation. In essence, the business concern Telstra Corporation is depending heavily on the particular use of different commercial paper (Telstra.com.au 2017). This is apparent that utilization of commercial paper can lead to improvement of the overall credit worthiness as well as greater credit rating of the corporation. As rightly indicated by McKinney (2015) financing policy can be considered to be integral to the strategic plan of a corporation. This financing policy sets out the manner in which a particular corporation plans to fund diverse operations in order to meet organizational objectives both in the current period and in the upcoming period. The financing policy deals with the management of debt and equity, trade-offs between the ultimate selections of optimal structure of capital, role of essentially structure of capital in necessarily competitive strategy, design of structure of capital as well as securities. A capital structure that is oriented to debt is essentially followed by the business concern Telstra Corporation. Therefore, this capital structure of corporation can help in reduction of the overall risk. Again, business concerns have assimilated three objectives in particularly the financing policies. In essence, this objectives involve preservation of financial agility, maximizati on of wealth of the shareholders of the firm by generation of higher return and adoption of balanced approach by financial strengthening (Telstra.com.au 2017). In particular, the capital structure of the business concern has considerably contributed by means of usage of commercial paper as reflected by the overall debt level in the entire capital (Telstra.com.au 2017). Essentially, there is higher growth of capital spending by adoption of financial policy and this in turn has affected the overall profitability, efficacy of management as well as financial health. References Bartlett, G., Beech, G., de Hart, F., de Jager, P., de Lange, J., Erasmus, P., Hefer, J., Madiba, T., Middelberg, S., Plant, G. and Streng, J., 2014. Financial Management: Turning theory into practice. OUP Catalogue. Bodie, Z., 2013. Investments. McGraw-Hill. Brigham, E.F. and Ehrhardt, M.C., 2013. Financial management: Theory practice. Cengage Learning. Jbhifi.com.au. 2017. JB Hi-Fi | Australias Largest Home Entertainment Retailer. [online] Available at: https://www.jbhifi.com.au [Accessed 6 May 2017]. McKinney, J.B., 2015. Effective financial management in public and nonprofit agencies. ABC-CLIO. Telstra.com.au. 2017.Telstra - mobile phones, prepaid phones, broadband, internet, home phones, business phones. [online] Available at: https://www.telstra.com.au/ [Accessed 30 Apr. 2017].

Friend Green Tomatoes Essay Example For Students

Friend Green Tomatoes Essay Love is one of the most powerful forces in the world, and one of the most difficult to describe. It is one of those emotions that words do not seem to justify a person may feel it, but may not be able to explain it. However, that does not mean that people do not know that love is out there. Many people believe that everyone has one true love somewhere in the world, and spend their lives searching for that person. Love is not difficult to find though. It exists in many forms, including love between family members, friends, different races, and even the love for oneself, both in the novel Fried Green Tomatoes at the Whistle Stop Cafe by Frannie Flagg and in ones own life. The first and most basic form of love is found in the family. From the time a child is born, in usual circumstances, that child is loved unconditionally. A person grows up with their family, and is able to express who they really are. Because of this, ties within the family are usually quite strong. Take for example the relationship between Idgie and Buddy: Idgie (Imogene), a dare-devilish tomboy, and her older brother Buddy are quite close until Buddys untimely death. Idgie takes his passing with difficulty: You never saw anybody hurt so much. I thought she would die right along with him (Flagg, p.37). Another example of the love felt within a family is Stump (Buddy Jr.), who is Ruths son, Ruth herself, and Idgie. Stumps father is murdered, and grows up with Ruth and Idgie as his parents. Ruth and Idgie do everything possible to try and keep Stump happy. In fact, when Stump is feeling self-conscious about being with a female in the sexual sense, it is Idgie who arranges for him to h ave intercourse with a friend of hers: Its just that Im scared, Aunt Idgie. Im just plain scared' (Flagg, p.266). The door of the cabin opened, and a freshly bathed, powdered, and perfumed woman with rust-colored hair and apple-green eyes said, Come on in, sugar, as Idgie drove away (Flagg, p.267). Also, another example of family love is how hard Jasper Peavey works, and how he scrapes to white people to get enough money to support his family: The burial policy for his family was paid off, he had sent all four of his children through college, and not one of them would ever have to live off tips. That was the one thought that had kept him going all the hard, long, back-breaking years (Flagg, p.320). His grandson is embarrassed by how his grandfather acts, but Jasper still managed to succeed when he was younger. The fact that his grandson is able to be embarrassed proves the success if Jasper had done poorly, the grandson would not be well off, and would be bowing and scraping to whit es just as his grandfather had. A more unusual type of love for the setting is the love between black and white races. The blacks are faced by many problems, especially in the South mid-century, but they seem to jump to the occasion and succeed against poor odds. Idgie and Ruth both admire and care about the blacks in the story. When Onzell kills Frank Bennet, Idgie knows that the law would have her killed, so she risks her own freedom by going to trial as the accused. This is proof that Idgie is fond of Onzell and Big George, and even loves them if shes willing to take such a chance. As well, Onzell feels great loyalty towards Ruth she kills a man to try and protect Ruths baby. Onzell is almost like another mother to Stump, and a good friend of Ruth and Idgies. Another black/white relationship with love involved is the one between Sipsey and the Threadgoode family. Sipsey is their servant, but they treat her like another member of the family. She is there for Idgie to talk to, and whenever Idgie couldnt bear to be home any longer, shed just take off and go stay with Sipsey over in Troutville (Flagg, p.37). Finally, there is the love that Evelyn has not for the blacks, but for what they do to her. When she attends Martin Luther King Memorial Baptist Church, she is freed. She is fascinated by how energetic the service is, and by the beautiful people that attend: She felt her heart open and fill with the pure wonder of being alive and making it through (Flagg, p.312). .ua6b8d5c82ac5181b58969abc799ef9ce , .ua6b8d5c82ac5181b58969abc799ef9ce .postImageUrl , .ua6b8d5c82ac5181b58969abc799ef9ce .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ua6b8d5c82ac5181b58969abc799ef9ce , .ua6b8d5c82ac5181b58969abc799ef9ce:hover , .ua6b8d5c82ac5181b58969abc799ef9ce:visited , .ua6b8d5c82ac5181b58969abc799ef9ce:active { border:0!important; } .ua6b8d5c82ac5181b58969abc799ef9ce .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ua6b8d5c82ac5181b58969abc799ef9ce { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ua6b8d5c82ac5181b58969abc799ef9ce:active , .ua6b8d5c82ac5181b58969abc799ef9ce:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ua6b8d5c82ac5181b58969abc799ef9ce .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ua6b8d5c82ac5181b58969abc799ef9ce .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ua6b8d5c82ac5181b58969abc799ef9ce .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ua6b8d5c82ac5181b58969abc799ef9ce .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ua6b8d5c82ac5181b58969abc799ef9ce:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ua6b8d5c82ac5181b58969abc799ef9ce .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ua6b8d5c82ac5181b58969abc799ef9ce .ua6b8d5c82ac5181b58969abc799ef9ce-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ua6b8d5c82ac5181b58969abc799ef9ce:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Walt Whitman EssayA more familiar type of love is the love that exists between friends. There are many examples of the love that goes along with friendship in the novel. Idgie and Ruth become friends when the two of them are fairly young. Idgie, when she first meets Ruth, is attracted to her: Now, children, your sister has a crush' (Flagg, p.81). The two of them would have done anything for each other. You know, Ruth, Id kill for you Id die for you' (Flagg, p.86). When Idgie learns that Ruths husband Frank is abusing her, Idgie threatens him, gets Ruth out of that situation, and takes her back to Whistle Stop. The pair begins the Whistle Stop Cafe, and spends the rest of t heir lives together until Ruth passes away. Also, there is the friendship that exists between Evelyn Couch and Ninny (Virginia) Threadgoode, a middle-aged woman going through menopause and an elderly woman in a nursing home, respectively. They become friends out of loneliness Evelyns mother-in-law, who resides at the nursing home as well, doesnt want to see her, and Ninny doesnt have any visitors to keep her company. By listening to the stories of the past that Ninny tells her, Evelyn gets more self-confidence and is no longer so dismal. Finally, throughout the novel, the author develops the idea of accepting and loving oneself. This is shown in the changes that occur to several of the characters as the novel moves along. Evelyn Couch shows the most significant change in the novel. She is portrayed as a submissive, depressed woman with no self-esteem at the beginning of the story: This morning, as they drove out to the nursing home, she Evelyn realized that her life was becoming unb earable The quiet hysteria and awful despair had started when she finally began to realize that nothing was ever going to change She began to feel as if she were at the bottom of a well, screaming, no one to hear (Flagg, p.63). As Evelyn becomes friends with Ninny, she learns from her that it is pointless to feel so hopeless and despondent. After Evelyn manages to rid herself of her alter-ego, Towanda the Avenger, she begins to understand and feel good about herself. She also attends a weight-loss spa where she found her group, the group she had been looking for all her life (Flagg, p.374). By the end of the novel, Evelyn is a happy, well-adjusted middle-aged woman who is finally able to love herself. Love can be uncovered almost anywhere. In the novel by Frannie Flagg, Fried Green Tomatoes at the Whistle Stop Cafe, love is a powerful force that is found in many forms: love between family members, love between friends, love between races, and the love that a person has for themselves. This love is important because without it there would be an extensive amount of fighting between people, and a greater lack of respect between citizens. To maintain the sanity of the world, there must be love. 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Rural Marketing free essay sample

Rural marketing is promotion of a company’s products in the rural markets by using strategies which differ from that of the urban market. The rural market is more price-sensitive. Nature of Rural market:- 1. Large, diverse and scattered market:- Rural marketing in India is large and scattered into a number of regions. There are not many shops available to market products. 2. Major income of rural consumers is from agriculture:- Rural prosperity is interlinked with agricultural prosperity. In the event of crop failure, rural income is directly affected. 3. Traditional outlook:- Villages develop slowly and have a traditional outlook. Change is a continuous process but rural people accept it gradually. This is changing but it is changing, although slowly, due to literacy especially in the youth who have begun to change the outlook in the villages. 4. Standard of living and rising disposable income of the rural customers:- It is known that majority of the rural population lives below the poverty line and has low literacy rate, low savings etc. We will write a custom essay sample on Rural Marketing or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Today, rural customers spend money to get value and are aware of the happenings around them. . Rising literary levels:- It is a well documented fact that approximately 45% of rural Indians are literate. Awareness has increased and farmers are well informed about the world around them. They are also educating themselves on the new technology for a better life style. 6. Diverse socio economic background:- Due to differences in geographical areas and uneven land fertility, rural people have different socio- economic backgrounds, which ultimately affect the rural markets. 7. Infrastructure facilities:- Infrastructure facilities like warehouses, communications systems and financial facilities are inadequate in rural areas. Physical distribution is a challenge to marketers who have found innovative ways to market their products. Scope of marketing:- 1. Large population:- According to the 2011 census, 72% of the total population is rural population and it is scattered over a wide range of geographic area. 2. Rising rural prosperity:- Average income level has improved due to modern farming practices, contract farming, industrialization, migration to urban areas etc. . Growth in consumption:- There is a growth in purchasing power of rural consumers. The average per capita house hold expenditure is Rs. 382. 4. Change in lifestyle:- The Lifestyle of rural consumers has changed considerably. 5. Market growth rate higher than urban:- The growth rate of fast moving consumer goods [FMCG] market and durable market is high in rural areas. The rural market share is more than 50% for products lik e cooking oil, hair oil etc. 6. Life cycle advantage:- The products which have attained the stage of maturity in the urban market are still on their stage of growth in the rural market. 7. Rural marketing is not expensive:- Promotion of consumer durables inside a rural market, it costs Rs 1 crore whereas in urban areas it runs into millions. What is rural market? Importance of rural marketing ? Ans:Meaning of rural market:- On account of the green revolution, rural areas are consuming a large quality of industrial and urban manufactured products. In this context a special arketing strategy namely rural marketing has emerged. But often, rural marketing is confused with agricultural marketing – The latter denotes marketing of produce of rural areas to the urban consumers or industrial consumers, whereas rural marketing involves delivering manufactured or processed inputs or services to rural producers or consumers. Importance of rural market:- 1. Large market:- Approximately 75% of India’s population resides in around 6, 38,3 65 villages of India spread over 32,00,000 Sq. kilometer. 41% of India’s middle class resides in rural areas. The Indian rural consumer lives in 6,00,000 villages spread across the country and they account for over 70% of population of the country. For several product categories, rural markets account for over 60% of the national demand. 2. Higher purchasing capacity:- According to a study conducted by â€Å"NCAER† [National Council for Applied Economic Research], there are as many middle income households in the rural areas as there are in the urban areas. There are almost twice as many lower middle income households in rural areas as there are in the urban areas. Because of this purchasing power of power of rural people is on the rise. 3. Market growth:- â€Å"Hariyali kissan bajar† was set up by Sri Ram Consolidated Limited to facilitate scale of agriculture inputs such as fertilizers, pesticides farming equipment, seeds etc. Shakti- through the state governments and NGOs involved in microfinance women entrepreneurs in villages are identified to act as local distribution and sales point for HUL products. 4. ITC:- ITC’s internet enabled rural interface to help scale of agricultural outputs is presently operational in the markets of 6 states and is growing at the rate of 3-4% p. . Define size of rural market and discuss? Ans: According to the census of India, areas that would qualify as being rural must have clear surveyed boundaries without a municipality, corporation or board, and with density of population not more than 400 Sq. km and with at least 75% of the male working population engaged in agricultural activities. Accordin g to this definition there are 6,38,000 villages in the country. Of these villages, 0. 5% have a population of about 10,000 and 2% have a population between 5,000 and 10,000 around 50% have a population which is less than 200. Interestingly, the FMCG and consumer durable companies, any territory that has more than 20,000 amp; 50,000 population respectively do not qualify as being a rural market! According to the census of India 2001, there are more than 4000 towns in the country. It has classified them into 6 categories. Around 400 class-I to towns with 1,00,000 and above population, 498 class-II towns with 50,000-99,999 population, 1,368 class-III towns with 20,000-50,000 population, 1,560 class –IV towns with 10,000-19,999 population It is mainly the class-II amp; class-III towns that markets term as rural. Demographical details of Indian rural market †¢ About 285 million people live in urban India where as 742 million people reside in rural areas. †¢ The No. of middle income amp; high income households in rural India is expected to grow from 46 million to 59 million. †¢ Size of rural market is estimated to be 42 million households and the rural market has been growing at 5 times the rate of the urban market. †¢ More government based rural development programs. †¢ Increase in agricultural productivity leading to growth of rural disposable income. Lowering of difference between taste of urban and rural customers. The Indian rural market with its vast size and demand offers great opportunity to marketers. Our nation is classified in around 450 districts amp; approximately 6, 38,000 villages which can be stored in different parameters such as literacy level, accessibility, income levels, distance from nearest town etc. The rural market accounts for half of the tota l market for TV sets, fans pressure cookers, bicycles, washing soap, tea salt amp; tooth powder. In fact, the rural market for FMCG products is growing much faster than the urban market. Explain the distinction between rural market amp; urban market? Ans: Definition:- Rural marketing is similar to simple marketing. Rural marketing differs only in terms of buyers. Here, the target market consists of customers living in rural areas. Thus rural marketing is application of marketing fundamentals {concepts, principles, theories etc} to rural marketers. Rural marketing is a process of developing, pricing, promoting and distributing rural goods and services leading to desired exchange with rural customers to satisfy their needs and wants, and also to achieve organizational objectives. Differences between rural marketing amp; urban marketing:- Although rural marketing offers immense potential, marketers used to recognise the fact that there are considerable differences in many aspects including the nature, characteristics, buying patterns amp; behavior of rural consumers when compared to urban consumers. While the urban economy thrives mainly on secondary and tertiary activities such as manufacturing amp; services, the rural economy is driven mainly by primary activities such as agriculture, fishing amp; forestry. The consumer demand and consumption patterns also differ across rural and urban areas. In many products, rural consumption now accounts for a larger share than the urban market. In washing soaps the rural share is over 60%. In popular bath soaps it is more than 50% and in batteries it is more than 56% and it is the same case with packed tea and hair oils What are the problems of rural marketing? Ans: The problems of rural marketing are continuing in spite of efforts to improve in the 9th five year plan. The position is improving but slowly. The rural marketer has many challenges. But the vast amp; expanding markets call for good marketing strategists to create win-win situations to all parties in the chain of rural marketing. The problems of rural marketing are as follows:- Under-Developed Population Under-Developed market Improper communication facilities Many Languages Vast amp; uneven spread Low Per-Capita income Poor Infrastructure Facilities Seasonal Demand Fewer distribution channel 1. Under-Developed Population:- Rural society is bounded by tradition, old customs and practices. The impact of modern science amp; technology has made very few changes as the old beliefs are still continuing. . Under-Developed Market:- Rural markets are not developing as much as they should owing to inadequate banking amp; credit facilities. Rural market needs banks to enable remittance, to transact on credit basis and to obtain credit support from the bank. At present every 48th village in India has a bank. 3. Poor or Improper Communication Facilities:- Most villages even today largely depend on telegrams and phones for their communication needs. Print media and visual media [Television, cinema, etc] reaches only about 20% of rural Indians. 4. Many languages:- India is a country of many languages. Language becomes a barrier in effective communication in the marketing efforts. The languages vary from state to state, place to place, district to district, etc. There are now 18 scheduled national languages. 5. Vastness amp; unevenly spread:- Rural market consists of approximately 75 crore rural consumers spread across approximately 6,38,365 villages. Despite urban migration, the rural areas still have a sizeable population. 6. Low per capital income:- Most farmers have small lands. This results in low per capita income. And low per capita income results in low consumption pattern as compared to the urban population.

How to Write a Personal Ministry Essay?

How to Write a Personal Ministry Essay?A sample personal ministry essay can be a wonderful tool for those who are looking to write an essay on ministry. The essay helps the person with writing his personal ministry essay to gain a good sense of what to write about and how to write.One of the reasons why someone might want to write a personal ministry essay is because of the fact that he or she is bored with writing an essay. Another reason for doing a personal ministry essay is that it is to help a person get over the feeling of hopelessness that many people suffer because of the world's bad economy. This can be an excellent way for you to show others how a person can make a difference in this world.When you are writing a personal ministry essay, the main thing that you have to keep in mind is that you need to write from your heart. After all, your intended audience will be reading this essay not just to get a taste of your writing skills but also to get a feel of your heart. You mus t show them that you care and that you want to share your joy and your light to others. The best way to do this is to show how you can give and then let them see you doing it through the words that you use.However, the purpose of writing a personal ministry essay is not just to get your message across, it is also to get your message across so that others will begin to take notice of your love for Jesus. So, the next thing that you need to do is to write about Jesus, and how you came to love Him.I know that many people might find it hard to explain the reality of love for Jesus, but I am going to help you in writing this essay in the most easy to understand way. One thing that you must never forget is that Jesus Christ was your Son and that He sacrificed His precious life for your sins. Yes, you read that right!Do you think that there is a God out there for those who believe in Christianity? Well, I can say with certainty that He is absolutely real and true and He loves you unconditi onally. If you can't see that then I don't think you will ever be able to find the strength to come into the truth of Christianity. Jesus Christ died and rose again to save you from sin, and if you can understand that then you can understand that he is actually your saviour.All you need to do now is to write about how you found the truth of Christianity and how you have come to know the love of Jesus Christ as your saviour. Give your readers their own heart. Give them a real glimpse of your heart and how you find the love for Jesus Christ to be so much stronger than all the challenges that you might face. It is not hard at all.